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Cross Cultural Evidence for the Fundamental Features of Extraversion
There has yet to be any determining evidence defines the characteristics
of extraversion. The experimenters in this particular experiment have
hypothesized that the facets of extraversion are somehow linked by reward
sensitivity. This hypothesis was also tested against a model in which they are
linked by sociability. There has been much work on this topic in the past,
beginning with the works of Jung and James in the early 20th century—to the work
of Watson and Clark in 1997. And even after a century of study, they are still
unable to truly define the characteristics of the extraversion dimension of
personality. In the many attempts to define extraversion, Watson and Clark have
defined six basic facets of the personality trait. These are: venturesome,
affiliation, positive affectivity, energy, ascendance, and ambition. Researchers
Depue and Collins, in 1999, also offered a more succinct depiction of the
characteristics of extraversion, this only having three basic parts. The first
being affiliation, the enjoyment and value of close interpersonal bonds, also
being warm and affectionate. The second, agency, being socially dominant,
enjoying leadership roles, being assertive and exhibitionistic, and having a
sense of potency in accomplishing goals. The final facet being impuslivity, but
this one has been argued upon whether it should be included at all in the
characteristics of extraversion at all.
Their first study was composed of
443 college students from two large universities in the Midwest. The
participants were offered credit in their introductory psychology classes in
return for their participation. They completed a questionnaire as part of their
participation. 52% of the participants were men, and 48% were women. 94% were
between the ages of 18 and 25. Only the 404 students that had complete data were
used to set up the model that the experimenters formed. The second study tried
to show any coincidence between the findings of American students and
international ones. This study used 6,469 college students from 39 different
countries. 83% were between the ages of 18-25. Only 5,842 completed data sheets
were used to form an analysis.
Their results showed that the structure of
extraversion can be indentified in many cultures, and also shows support for the
reward sensitivity as core model. They used many other experiments on this topic
as a basis of their research, and tried to justify these works with their own
experimentation.
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